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White-tailed Deer Population Trends (1900-2020)

Historical changes in white-tailed deer populations across the United States

About White-tailed Deer

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the most widely distributed deer species in North America. Adult males (bucks) typically weigh 150-300 pounds and females (does) weigh 90-200 pounds. They are known for the characteristic white underside of their tail, which they raise like a flag when alarmed. These herbivores primarily feed on leaves, twigs, fruits, nuts, and agricultural crops.

White-tailed deer populations have undergone dramatic fluctuations throughout American history due to factors such as habitat change, hunting pressure, and conservation efforts.

*Population estimates based on historical records, scientific studies, and state wildlife management agencies. Estimates before 1950 have higher uncertainty.

Key Population Milestones

Pre-1800s
Estimated 30-40 million white-tailed deer across North America before European colonization.
1900s
Population declined to approximately 500,000 deer due to unregulated hunting and habitat loss.
1930s
Conservation efforts begin with hunting regulations and habitat protection.
1950s-70s
Deer populations begin rapid recovery due to regulated hunting, reintroduction programs, and changing landscapes.
1990s-2000s
Population reaches approximately 30 million, nearing historical pre-colonial levels.
2000-2020
Population stabilizes with some regions implementing management strategies to prevent overpopulation.
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Source: Compiled from historical records, scientific literature, and state wildlife agency reports. Additional data from U.S. Forest Service digitized white-tailed deer density estimates.